Managing Illnesses in your Little Ones
Always Remember
Don't Panic
Stop, Breath & Think
Table of Contents
Illnesses are prevalent among young children as they often play in close proximity and touch common surfaces, whether at home, in childcare, or on the playground. Unlike adults, children may not cover their mouths as effectively when coughing or sneezing, contributing to the spread of germs. Practicing good hygiene is crucial; it’s important to teach children to cover their mouths when sneezing, avoid sharing food or utensils, and wash their hands thoroughly once they reach an appropriate age.
Signs Your Little One is Unwell.
A fever is one of the most common indicators of illness in children. Other signs that your child may be unwell include a
- sore throat or headache,
- a blocked or runny nose,
- sneezing or coughing,
- a sudden rash on their skin,
- vomiting or diarrhea,
- glazed eyes,Â
- symptoms of drowsiness, or lethargy,
- a decreased appetite.
- change in temperature
Additional indicators of illness in your child may be altered
- breathing patterns, like shallow breaths or pauses between breaths, or
- changes in skin coloration, resulting in a pale or mottled appearance.
- They may exhibit decreased energy levels or diminished interest in their normally enjoyed activities, showing a preference for sedentary activities or rest, over active play.
Common Childhood Illnesses
Common childhood illnesses include:
- the common cold – Although colds and the flu can cause similar symptoms, such as a cough, fatigue and sore throat, they are caused by different viruses. For some people, including young children and those with certain medical conditions, the flu can be serious.
- bronchitis – Bronchitis is inflammation of the larger airways in your lungs the inflammation causes you to cough.
Acute bronchitis is usually caused by a viral infection, such as cold viruses or influenza virus. Chronic bronchitis is usually related to smoking. Most people with acute bronchitis will feel better with time and rest. There are some treatments available that may help to help ease your cough and other symptoms.
- laryngitis – Laryngitis occurs when your voice box (larynx) becomes inflamed, and your vocal cords become swollen and can’t vibrate properly. This will cause your voice to sound hoarse (rough or scratchy) or you might lose your voice. Most people recover from laryngitis without any medical treatment.
- sinusitis – Sinusitis is when the hollow spaces between and behind the eyes, forehead and cheeks become inflamed. Your body will often overcome the cause of inflammation in about 3 weeks without the need for medical treatment. Sinusitis can sometimes be a chronic (long term) condition, as a complication of allergies or structural problems in the nose.
- ear infections – Ear infections are common, especially in children. Most children have at least one ear infection before they reach school age. Children usually get fewer ear infections as they get older. There are several different types of ear infection, depending on which part of the ear is infected. Two common types are middle ear infections (otitis media) and outer ear infections (otitis externa). Ear infections can be caused by bacteria or viruses. The middle ear is the part of the ear just behind the ear drum, connected to the throat by a short tube known as the Eustachian tube. When you have a cold, the infection can spread up this tube to the middle ear. Middle ear infections are especially common in babies and children because their Eustachian tubes are small. The outer ear, or ear canal, can also become infected. It is often caused by water remaining in the ear canal, such as after swimming. For this reason it is also called swimmer’s ear. Outer ear infections can also result from damage to the ear canal, such as by using cotton buds.
- croup – Croup is a viral infection in babies and young children which causes swelling of the voice box and airways. There is no specific treatment, especially for mild croup. However, it can cause narrowing of the airways. If a child is having problems breathing, they may need steroid medications to reduce the swelling and make it easier for them to breathe.
Some children can have a condition known as ‘spasmodic croup’, even when they don’t have any other cold symptoms. Coughing episodes generally occur at night with symptoms settling in around one hour. Spasmodic croup is more common in children with asthma, or with a family history of allergy and asthma.
- pneumonia – Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs. The infection is usually caused by bacteria or a virus.
The infection causes inflammation (swelling) in your lungs. The air sacs in your lungs can fill up with fluid, making it harder for you to breathe.
There are many types of pneumonia. One of the most common is pneumococcal pneumonia. This is caused by the bacterium streptococcus pneumoniae.
Pneumonia can be a mild illness, or it can be much more serious. Pneumonia can be life-threatening, especially for:
- babies 12 months and under
- Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people
- people older than 70 years
If you are recovering well from a cold or flu that then becomes worse, it may be pneumonia.
- whooping cough –
Whooping cough (pertussis) is an infection caused by the bacteria bordetella pertussis. Whooping cough spreads in droplets that travel through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
Common signs of the infection include flu-like symptoms followed by severe coughing episodes.
Whooping cough is highly contagious and can be serious, particularly for babies. Vaccination is the best way to protect your baby from whooping cough.Â
Whooping cough in babies and children has 3 distinct phases:
- Stage 1 — a build-up of mucus with a runny nose, sneezing and mild cough. This lasts about one week.
- Stage 2 — coughing spells that can last for up to 10 weeks.
- Stage 3 — recovery as the cough becomes less frequent.
Whooping cough symptoms usually appear 7 to 10 days after infection.
A child with whooping cough is contagious in the first 1 – 2 weeks of infection. They remain infectious for 2 to 3 weeks after they begin to cough.
- chickenpox (varicella) – Chickenpox (also known as varicella) is generally a mild illness in babies and children. It causes an itchy, red, blistering rash.
Chickenpox is closely related to shingles. Both conditions are caused by the varicella zoster virus.
Although common in children, the virus can affect anyone at any age. Healthy children usually recover quickly from chickenpox, but doctors consider chickenpox serious because it can cause other health issues.
- gastroenteritis (‘gastro’) – Gastroenteritis (also known as ‘gastro’) is a common and very contagious infection of the gut (the stomach and intestines). It causes inflammation of the lining of your digestive system. Gastro usually causes a mild illness that involves vomiting, diarrhoea, stomach pains and nausea.
Older people, young children and those with a weakened immune system are at a higher risk of developing more severe symptoms.
The most common and serious complication of gastro in babies and children is dehydration. Children with health problems may become dehydrated more quickly.
If your baby is under 6 months of age, take them to a doctor if you think they have gastro. If they are older, it is still a good idea for them to be checked in case they are dehydrated.
If you cannot find rehydration fluids, or your child refuses to drink them, try diluted fruit juice (1 part juice to 4 parts of water). You can also try a cube of ice or an ice block.
It’s important to continue to breastfeed your baby. Your baby may need to feed more frequently. You can also give rehydration fluid between feeds, if your baby needs to drink more. If you are feeding your baby with formula, give them the usual amount of formula, and then give them rehydration fluids if they’re still thirsty.
Many medicines that are commonly used by adults or older children to stop vomiting or diarrhoea can be dangerous for babies. Make sure to ask your doctor or pharmacist before giving your baby any medicines.
- hand, foot and mouth disease. –
Hand, foot and mouth disease is a common viral illness that mainly affects children under 10 years old, but can sometimes affect older children and adults. It is caused by infection with a type of coxsackie virus. Hand, foot and mouth disease is not the same as foot-and-mouth disease, which affects farm animals.
Hand, foot and mouth disease is highly contagious (spreads easily from person to person). It’s especially common in childcare and kindergartens.
Allergies can produce symptoms often confused with those of a cold or the flu. Numerous children are allergic to specific foods, like dairy, tree nuts, or peanuts, or to environmental triggers, such as dust mites. The severity of allergy symptoms can range from mild to severe. Anaphylaxis, a severe allergic reaction, constitutes a medical emergency, with signs including altered breathing, pale skin, or a swollen tongue.
If your child is having trouble breathing, this is an emergency. Call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance.
- Bacterial and viral illnesses
- Signs & Symptoms
- Common medications
- Babies’ temperature – low temperature, a fever, a febrile convulsion.
How Germs Spread.
Germs can be transferred to your hands by touching objects or other people. Once on your hands, they can enter your body through wounds or when you touch your eyes, nose, or mouth. Additionally, germs on your hands can be passed onto objects or individuals you come into contact with. Common infections, like colds or gastroenteritis, are often transmitted by touch. Germs can also be airborne, spreading when a sick person coughs or sneezes.
Minimise Spreading Germs
In Public
Determining whether to keep your child home when they’re unwell can be challenging, especially if you are needing to go to work. Certain symptoms are clear indicators. Keep your child at home if they exhibit:
– Fever (a temperature above 37.5 degrees Celsius)
– Nausea accompanied by vomiting
– Diarrhea
– Pus or mucus in sore eyes
– Sore throat
– Severe cough
– Rashes or skin sores, particularly on the face, hands, and feet
– Greenish discharge from the nose
If your child seems generally unwell, displaying symptoms like a runny nose, low energy, or lack of appetite, it’s wise to monitor them closely. Evaluate their condition over several hours before deciding if they need to leave their home and attend childcare or school.Â
It’s crucial to keep sick children at home to reduce the risk of transmitting and spreading the illnesses to other children, friends, staff, and their families. Viruses, which are highly contagious through close contact, are responsible for many common diseases in young children, particularly when they cough, sneeze, or have a runny nose.
Washing Hands
Washing both your hands and your children’s hands is the most effective measure to prevent the spread of germs. It’s crucial to wash your hands and ensure your child does the same at key times, such as
Before
- preparing or eating food
- breastfeeding
- feeding a child
- giving medication to a child or applying ointment to sores
- touching, cuddling or holding a sick child.
After
- preparing or eating food
- changing a nappy
- helping a child use the toilet
- using the toilet yourself
- wiping your nose or your child’s nose
- after sneezing or coughing
- touching, cuddling or holding a sick child
- touching cutlery, drinking cups and other objects a sick child has touched
- touching a wound
- touching pets or other animals
- your hands have become dirty looking.
How to wash your hands:
- Wet your hands.
- Apply soap or hand wash and rub your hands for 15–20 seconds – you can tell children this is as long as it takes to sing ‘Happy Birthday’ twice.
- Make sure you wash the back of the hands, wrists, between the fingers and under fingernails.
- Rinse and dry with a clean towel.Â
Antiseptic gels, also known as hand sanitizers, can be used as an alternative to soap and water. These gels are applied and rubbed into the hands to prevent the transmission of infections and are available for purchase at supermarkets and pharmacies.
Antibacterial soaps are unnecessary and do not decrease the likelihood of infection; regular soaps suffice. The mechanical action of handwashing, particularly the friction created by rubbing hands together, is what effectively removes germs.
Other good hygiene habits
Maintaining good hygiene is crucial for reducing the risk of contracting or spreading diseases. Effective hygiene practices include:
– Avoiding the sharing of cups, cutlery, or personal items such as toothbrushes.
– Teaching children to cough or sneeze into their elbow.
– Opting for tissues over handkerchiefs – instruct your child to dispose of tissues immediately after use and to wash their hands right away.
If your child is sick with a viral or bacterial infection, it’s best to keep them away from childcare, kindergarten, or school until they recover. Clean any objects (like toys or teething rings) that the ill child has touched with hot, soapy water.
-Using a disinfectant spray around your home can help minimize the presence of germs on surfaces.
Taking Your Child to the Doctor
If your child’s symptoms do not improve after two full days, or if you have concerns about their health, it is always advisable to consult a doctor. Early medical intervention can often prevent an illness from worsening and developing into a more serious condition. It may also help to halt the spread of the disease and enable your child to resume their normal activities sooner.
Other indicators that a doctor’s visit may be necessary include:
– Paracetamol and ibuprofen are ineffective
– The child has persistent vomiting or diarrhea
– They exhibit a high fever for two consecutive days
– They refuse to drink any fluids for more than six hours
– They develop a rash
– Their urination frequency is significantly reduced (or they have fewer than half the usual number of wet diapers)
Seek medical care immediately from your doctor or nearest hospital if your child:
- is very pale or is uncharacteristically difficult to wake up
- is having trouble breathing
- has a fever with back or neck pain
- has a rash with red or purple ‘pin prick’ spots or blotches that don’t turn white when you press on them — this may be a meningitis rash.
Young infants are particularly susceptible to illness. If your child is under three months old and exhibits poor feeding or has a fever, it is advisable to consult a doctor. Should your infant be less than one month old and develop a fever, immediate emergency care should be sought, such as at the nearest hospital’s emergency department.
Tips to Preventing Little Ones Becoming Unwell
1. Hand Hygiene: Consistent handwashing significantly lowers the transmission of cold and flu germs. Encourage your children to wash their hands regularly or use a hand sanitizer. It’s important to wash or sanitize hands before and after visiting different places such as preschool, day care, or playdates, and also before and after meals. A thorough scrub for 15-20 seconds is crucial—teach them to hum “Happy Birthday” twice as a timer for rinsing!
2. Daily activity is key: Numerous studies indicate that consistent, moderate exercise can decrease the frequency of colds and flu by 25-50 percent annually. It’s thought that exercise aids in enhancing the circulation of cells that combat infection in children. Therefore, encourage outdoor play for as long as possible. When the weather turns chilly, find inventive ways to ensure they stay active indoors!
3. Ensure adequate sleep: Adhering to an “early to bed” routine is crucial for young children. Lack of sleep can almost double the chances of catching a cold or flu. So, what’s the recommended amount of sleep? Typically, babies require about 14 hours of sleep daily, while preschoolers need between 11-13 hours.
4. Refrain from touching your face: Human hands, if not washed, can carry numerous germs. When a child touches their eyes or nose, these germs transfer directly to the mucous membranes. These membranes rapidly absorb the germs, leading to colds and flu. Teach children to use tissues for wiping their eyes and noses instead.
5. Cough into something: Tissues and elbows make excellent shields for coughs! Instruct children to cough and sneeze into the bend of their arm or a tissue. While this won’t stop them from catching a virus, it will certainly help prevent the spread of any virus they may have.
6. Dispose of your tissues: Using tissues to trap germs is effective, but leaving used tissues around can be counterproductive. Germs can transfer from tissues to other surfaces quickly! Therefore, it’s important to discard tissues immediately after use and wash your hands. Additionally, it’s advisable to empty bins containing used tissues at least daily.
7. Maintain a balanced and nutritious diet: Load up on a variety of colorful fruits and vegetables. Consuming these wholesome items can enhance your child’s immune defense. It’s crucial to incorporate foods abundant in vitamin C, such as broccoli, strawberries, and oranges, and vitamin D, found in tuna, fortified milk, and cereals.
8. Obtain the flu vaccine: While it may be a topic of debate, it’s frequently recommended in children’s health articles by pediatricians. Ensuring your toddler’s vaccinations are current, including the annual flu shot, can protect them from certain viruses and bacteria. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) endorse it as the most effective method to prevent influenza. For healthy children, the flu vaccine can be up to 90 percent effective in preventing the illness. Remember, infants under six months cannot receive the vaccine, so it’s important for parents to get vaccinated to safeguard their young ones.
9. Avoiding contact with sick individuals: It may sound obvious, but it’s worth careful consideration. Children are more susceptible to illnesses like the flu in crowded environments. While it’s not feasible to keep them from school or daycare, steering clear of malls, performance halls, and public transport can minimize their exposure to germs. For very young children, it might be wise to skip large family gatherings. And if someone appears ill, it’s okay to request that they maintain a distance to protect your child’s health.
10. Humidifying your home: Ample scientific evidence suggests that the flu virus thrives in low-humidity conditions, which is a major reason for its rapid spread during winter. Placing a humidifier in your baby’s room and operating it during naps and overnight can help. The moist air not only helps to thin mucus secretions, aiding in the relief of coughs and congestion but also creates an environment less favorable for the flu virus should your child become ill.
11. Avoid being a vector: Pediatricians note that children commonly contract the flu from their parents. If one child is ill, routine parental tasks such as wiping noses, holding hands, changing diapers, or preparing meals can inadvertently spread germs to your other children. To minimize this risk, wash your hands often and use household disinfectants liberally. Disinfect frequently touched items like faucets, doorknobs, and toys that may have been contaminated by you or the sick family member.
Many of these pointers might seem like common sense, yet they could be new to some first-time parents (as I am) facing these issues for the first time this season. If you’re not in this group, consider this a gentle nudge to recall some simple, helpful tips. I’ll definitely be applying these tips at my home this winter, and I hope you do the same! It’s a given that our little ones will fall ill at some point. When that happens, take a moment to breathe and remember that it’s impossible to shield them from everything. In their eyes (and in ours), you’ll always be their superhero.
Immunisation Program
You can access your child’s vaccination records on the myGov website, which provides their medical details.Â
The National Immunisation Program provides the routine childhood immunisations recommended for all children in Australia, free of charge.
This helps to protect them from the most serious childhood infections, some of which may threaten their lives. Some children may need extra vaccines. Speak to your doctor about your child’s specific needs.
Routine childhood immunisations help to protect your child against:
Age | Disease |
|---|---|
Birth | Hepatitis BÂ (usually offered in hospital) |
2 months (can be given from 6 weeks of age) | Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), hepatitis B, polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), Rotavirus, Pneumococcal |
4 months | Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), hepatitis B, polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), Rotavirus, Pneumococcal |
| 6 months to less than 5 years (given annually) | Influenza |
6 months | Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), hepatitis B, polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) |
12 months  | Meningococcal ACWY Measles, mumps, rubella, Pneumococcal |
18 months  | Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), Measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox (varicella) Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough) |
4 years |
 Find more information on:
Supporting a sick little one
To aid your child’s recovery, it’s best to let them rest at home, which will assist their body in combating the illness. Ensure they drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration. If they’re reluctant to drink water, consider offering ice pops or soup as alternatives.
Should your child experience discomfort or pain due to a fever, administering paracetamol or ibuprofen might provide relief. It’s crucial to adhere to the dosage instructions provided on the packaging. Avoid giving aspirin to your child.
Be aware that ibuprofen and similar anti-inflammatory drugs can induce asthma symptoms in a few children with existing asthma. Such children may also be at a higher risk for adverse effects. Consult your doctor or pharmacist to determine if ibuprofen is safe for your child.
It’s entirely normal for your child to seek extra care when sick, and infants often require additional cuddling.
Ways to Support a Sick Little One
Falling ill is a natural and even beneficial process! Battling infections helps to strengthen the immune system. This aspect is particularly crucial during childhood.
We should avoid overreacting and over-medicating at every minor sign of illness. Rather, we should treat sickness with the gravity it warrants, while understanding that our bodies—and those of our children—are designed to mend and recuperate with the right support.
Healthy Food and Hydration –
Maintaining a healthy diet is always crucial for children, but it becomes even more vital when they’re ill. During sickness, it’s advisable to eliminate sugar, gluten, and dairy. If your child isn’t feeling hungry, it’s best not to force them to eat. The body prioritizes fighting the illness over digestion, which can naturally lead to a reduced appetite.
If your child is sick but still hungry, focus on easily digestible foods like bone broth, cooked vegetables, rice congee, and gentle soups. For stomach issues, opt for bland items such as bananas and applesauce. In case of a fever, choose cooling foods like low-glycemic fruits—blueberries, raspberries, and citrus fruits.
Garlic and onion are known for their healing effects, so incorporating them into meals, like soups, can be beneficial when your child is unwell. Sick children might also crave organic, cold-pressed juices or smoothies.
Hydration is critical, particularly if your child is vomiting. Begin with small amounts, like ice chips or ice blocks, and gradually increase to sips of liquid. For infants, small syringes can be used instead of ice chips. Effective hydration options include electrolyte replacement ice blocks and drinks from a pharmacy, unsweetened coconut water, lemon water, and herbal teas like ginger or peppermint, as well as plain filtered water to restore electrolytes.
Rest and Sleep –Â
The significance of rest and sleep cannot be overstated, especially when a child is ill. It’s a time for prolonged naps and early bedtimes. Don’t worry about maintaining a perfect schedule during your child’s illness. Instead, provide them with all the cuddles and rest they need.
Regarding rest, it’s okay for your child to watch some shows or movies but be cautious about excessive screen time. Screens, especially those showing content aimed at children, can be highly stimulating. Even though it may seem like your child is resting, screens can sometimes have the opposite effect.
Steam Showers and Detox Bath –Â
Steamy showers with eucalyptus essential oil splashed on the shower walls for children who are congested. The combination of oil and steam helps to clear congestion and can be repeated multiple times throughout the day.
Detox and healing baths, such as those with Crystalyte, Sea Salt + Iodine, or an Epsom Salt Soak (comprising 1/2 cup magnesium flakes, 4 cups baking soda, and optionally a few drops of lavender or eucalyptus essential oil), are soothing treatments that children often find very relaxing. These baths can be particularly enjoyable for sick children, providing comfort and a pleasant way to pass the time. For children with a fever, a lukewarm bath may assist in lowering their body temperature.
Baths with Crystalyte or Epsom salt are beneficial for relaxing muscles and alleviating body aches related to colds and the flu. Additionally, they can dilate blood vessels, which boosts the production of white blood cells and aids in hastening recovery.
Removing Congestion
Besides steamy showers or baths, using saline and suction as needed is crucial for clearing congestion and reducing the risk of ear infections. Ear infections are more prone to develop when mucus is allowed to become stagnant and accumulate.
For infants, there is a product known as ‘Little Noses,’ which is a normal saline nasal spray accompanied by a suction bulb to clear congestion. Additionally, there are electric baby nose aspirators available that can effectively suction out mucus. For optimal effect, first use the nasal spray to loosen the mucus, then proceed with nasal aspiration.
Sunshine and Outdoors –Â
Should your child feel well enough to venture outdoors and the weather permits, it’s beneficial to know that fresh air and sunlight can significantly aid recovery from illness. Light activity, like a brief stroll, can also be advantageous. To enhance the healing process, allow your child to walk barefoot on the grass. If walking isn’t an option, simply lying on a towel to bask in the sunshine and fresh air, or sitting in a stroller for a gentle ride, can be equally restorative.
Supplements –Â
Supplementation dosages are typically based on a child’s age and weight, and it’s always best to consult a pediatrician or local General Practitioner for the correct dosage.
Here are some supplements that may benefit a sick child:
Vitamin C – Known for its antioxidant properties, vitamin C greatly supports numerous cellular functions.
Vitamin D + K2 – Helps boost immunity, and many people are deficient.
Vitamin A – Offers protective, immune-boosting properties and aids in eliminating bacteria and pathogens.
Zinc – May reduce the severity and duration of illnesses.
Elderberry – Can be taken at the onset of symptoms to enhance immune response.
Herb Pharm Immune Avenger Tincture – Easy to administer and contains a powerful blend of herbs to combat harmful organisms.
Magnesium – Vital for numerous cellular processes that energize the body and strengthen its defenses against pathogens. Magnesium levels can be increased through baths.
Briar Rose – A gentle, plant-based therapy ideal for young infants.
Omega 3 – Effective in reducing inflammation, particularly with respiratory symptoms.
Administering supplements in a liquid “shot” of organic cold-pressed juice allows children to consume them quickly in one or two sips. For infants, a syringe can be used. Alternatively, supplements can be added to a smoothie or culinary yogurt.
Homeopathy
Administer homeopathy based on the symptoms your child exhibits. Each vial or container will have dosage instructions; adhere to these guidelines.
Some favored homeopathic remedies include:
Oscillococcinum – for aches, fever, chills, and flu-like symptoms
Cold Calm – for coughs, colds, sore throats, and congestion
Nux vomica – for upset stomachs and nausea
Aconitum – for fever and discomfort
Bryonia – for aches
Homeopathy typically does not interact with medications, which is why it’s often chosen during childhood illnesses. There’s no need to worry about taking them with other supplements.
Massage and Reflexology –Â
Lymphatic massage and reflexology are especially helpful for draining mucus and relieving congestion. Many YouTube videos illustrate the techniques for performing massages that can clear a child’s sinus and ear passages, thereby reducing the risk of infection and lessening discomfort.
Comfort –Â
Comfort measures are not only soothing for your child during illness but can also hasten their recovery. Here are some straightforward methods to comfort your sick child:
Heating pad – Place a warm heating pad on the abdomen to alleviate stomach aches and nausea.
Topical essential oils – Calming oils like lavender or eucalyptus, diluted in a carrier oil such as apricot oil, can soothe and relax a sick child. Blends like DoTerra’s Breathe or Young Living’s RC, when diluted and applied to the chest, can aid in respiratory conditions.
Back and foot rubs – Often overlooked, simple back and foot rubs can be very comforting to a child.
Snuggles – While no one enjoys seeing a child sick, snuggles can help improve the situation for everyone.
These are practical, straightforward, and effective ways I use to nurse a child back to health from an illness.Â
Remember these tips the next time your little one is under the weather, and rest assured that you’re equipped to support their recovery swiftly and thoroughly.
Constantly Catching Illnesses
It’s quite common for a healthy child to contract up to 12 minor illnesses, such as colds, each year. Sometimes, a child may catch a virus soon after recovering from another, giving the impression of a continuous illness. School-age children and preteens average five to six illnesses annually, while teens and adults may experience two to three colds or illnesses per year.
Children under seven years old have developing immune systems. Young children, particularly those attending school or daycare, are exposed to new environments and pathogens they haven’t encountered before.
In school or daycare, young children may spread germs more readily because they often don’t cover their mouths when coughing or sneezing. Additionally, their upper airways are not fully developed until they reach school age, increasing their risk for more frequent viral and bacterial infections. Younger children also frequently put their hands in their mouths, ingesting germs from touched surfaces.
For these reasons, children may frequently fall ill. However, this also contributes to the development of natural immunity against these illnesses.
As children grow and their immune systems mature, they typically experience fewer colds. Teaching your child good hygiene practices, like thorough handwashing, can help protect them from illness. If you’re concerned about the frequency of your child’s illnesses, consulting a doctor is recommended.
Most children’s frequent illnesses do not suggest an underlying issue such as an immune deficiency, which is usually associated with specific infections rather than multiple colds or common respiratory illnesses.
If your child is growing well, appears healthy and thriving, they likely do not have an underlying health issue.
However, if your child exhibits any of the following symptoms, it’s important to visit your healthcare provider:
Importance of Sleep
The benefits of sleep, particularly when a child is ill, are largely attributed to supporting the immune system in combating sickness. This support manifests in several ways.
Firstly, cytokines, proteins in the immune system that target infections, are produced and released during sleep, aiding in initiating the immune response to illness.
Additionally, the body mounts a more effective fever response, another mechanism for fighting infection, during sleep.
The immune system also requires energy to operate effectively. While awake, the body allocates energy to activities such as thinking and moving. However, during sleep, this energy can be redirected to bolster the immune system, facilitating a quicker recovery.
Fatigue also reduces the likelihood of an individual venturing out and spreading the infection to others.
Moreover, when the immune system is preoccupied with an existing infection, its ability to combat new pathogens is compromised. Hence, tiredness can act as a deterrent, preventing exposure to additional germs and diseases.
Furthermore, research indicates that sleep deprivation may increase susceptibility to illness, so staying indoors and obtaining additional rest can significantly enhance one’s health.
Medication and Sleep
When your child is prescribed antibiotics for a bacterial infection, it’s crucial to administer the medication at consistent intervals to ensure its effectiveness. This might necessitate waking your child for their next dose. For tailored advice, consult your doctor or contact healthdirect at 1800 022 222.
Paracetamol and ibuprofen are administered to alleviate discomfort from fever or pain. Should your child be sleeping peacefully, it’s not necessary to wake them for these medications.
Pain Medication
Pain is a common symptom in children suffering from illnesses, injuries, or post-operative conditions. They may require analgesic medications like paracetamol or ibuprofen to help manage their discomfort.
While paracetamol and ibuprofen can alleviate the sensation of pain, they do not address its underlying cause.
Administering the correct dosage of pain relief medication is crucial. The appropriate dose, as indicated on the medication’s bottle or packaging, should be determined based on the child’s weight.
Any child who is unwell or experiencing moderate to severe pain must be evaluated by a physician to diagnose the root cause of their symptoms.
Signs That Your Child is in Pain
Older children are often able to communicate their pain, though they may not always pinpoint its exact location. Younger children might indicate pain through behaviors such as crying or screaming, making faces, altering their sleep or eating habits, becoming silent and withdrawn, or showing reluctance to move and difficulty finding a comfortable position.
Giving Pain Relief at home
If comforting, relaxing, distracting, or applying a cool compress doesn’t alleviate your child’s pain, administering pain-relief medication may be beneficial.
Paracetamol is suitable for mild to moderate pain in babies over one month, children, adolescents, and adults. However, prolonged or excessive use can be harmful to a child.Â
Ibuprofen is also effective for mild to moderate pain in children, adolescents, and adults but is not recommended for children under three months or those with bleeding disorders.Â
Aspirin should never be given to children under 12 for pain relief unless prescribed by a doctor, as it can lead to a rare but severe condition called Reye’s Syndrome.
While paracetamol or ibuprofen can reduce the severity of your child’s pain and increase comfort, they do not address the underlying cause. These medications can also aid in sleep if your child is dealing with a painful issue like an ear infection, sore throat, stomachache, or a fracture.
Should your child’s pain persist for more than a few hours, escalate to moderate or severe levels, or if your child appears unwell, seek medical attention to determine the cause.
Giving paracetamol | Giving ibuprofen |
How much to give:
How often can it be given?
| How much to give:
How often can it be given?
Note: Short-term use of ibuprofen, at appropriate doses, may be taken with a glass of water and no food. If this causes stomach upset, you should try offering your child some food or milk. |
Giving Your Child Both Paracetamol & Ibuprofen So that your child’s pain is well controlled, it is OK to alternate giving paracetamol and ibuprofen, or even to give both at the same time. If you do this, it can be easy to accidentally give too much of either medicine. Keep a diary of when you give each dose of paracetamol and ibuprofen so you don’t give your child too much of either medicine.
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Overdoses of Pain-Relieving Medicine.
- Paracetamol is commonly involved in accidental overdoses among children. Ingesting excessive amounts of paracetamol can damage a child’s liver and potentially their kidneys.Â
- Similarly, an overdose of ibuprofen may lead to stomach upsets and, in some cases, can impact breathing and induce extreme drowsiness.
If your child has had too much paracetamol or ibuprofen, call the Poisons Information Centre 13 11 26 in Australia or take them to the nearest hospital emergency department.
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To prevent children from accessing and ingesting medication:
- Always keep medicines out of children’s reach, preferably in a locked or child-proof cabinet.
- Do not remove tablets from their foil packaging until you are ready to administer or consume them. The packaging is intentionally difficult for children to open, and keeping the tablets sealed reduces the chance of a child consuming a large quantity if they are found.
- Ensure the child-resistant cap is always secured on bottles of liquid paracetamol or ibuprofen.
Bacterial vs Viral
Most bacterial and viral infections are contagious, and different types of pathogens may lead to symptoms of varying severity. Some illnesses may require antibiotics or antiviral treatments, while others may be prevented with the help of vaccinations.
Bacterial infections | Viral infections |
|---|---|
• They stem from bacteria, which are single-celled microorganisms.
• Bacteria may be within or on the human body. • Not all bacteria are harmful to humans. • Pathogenic bacteria refer to microorganisms that can make humans sick. • In some cases, bacterial infections may be treated with antibiotics. | • They stem from viruses, which are a piece of genetic material, such as DNA or RNA, coated with protein. • Viruses feed off of healthy cells in the body, sometimes killing their host cells as they multiply. • Certain types of viral infections are treated with antiviral medications. • Antibiotics can’t cure a viral infection. |
Bacterial Infections
Bacteria are tiny microorganisms that are made up of a single cell. They’re very diverse and can have a large variety of shapes and structural features.
Bacteria can live in almost every conceivable environment, including in or on the human body.
Only a handful of bacteria cause infections in humans. These bacteria are referred to as pathogenic bacteria.
Viral Infections
Viruses are another type of tiny microorganism, although they’re even smaller than bacteria. Like bacteria, they’re very diverse and have a variety of shapes and features.
Viruses are parasitic. That means they require living cells or tissue in which to grow.
Viruses can invade the cells of your body, using the components of your cells to grow and multiply. Some viruses even kill host cells as part of their life cycle.
Bacterial Transmissions
Many bacterial infections are contagious, meaning that they can be transmitted from person to person. There are many ways this can occur, including:
- close contact with a person who has a bacterial infection, including touching and kissing
- contact with the body fluids of a person who has an infection, particularly after sexual contact or when the person coughs or sneezes
- transmission from mother to child during pregnancy or birth
- coming into contact with surfaces contaminated with the bacteria, such as doorknobs or faucet handles and then touching your face, nose, or mouth
In addition to being transmitted from person to person, bacterial infections can also be transmitted through the bite of an infected insect. Additionally, consuming contaminated food or water can also lead to an infection.
Common Bacterial Infections
Viral Transmissions
Like bacterial infections, many viral infections are also contagious. They can be transmitted from person to person in many of the same ways, including:
- coming into close contact with a person who has a viral infection
- contact with the body fluids of a person with a viral infection
- transmission from mother to child during pregnancy or birth
- coming into contact with contaminated surfaces
Also, similarly to bacterial infections, viral infections can be transmitted by the bite of an infected insect or through consuming food or water that has been contaminated.
Common Viral Infections
Some examples of viral infections include:
How Are Bacterial & Viral Infections Diagnosed?
How doctors diagnose bacterial and viral infections
- Physical exam
- History of symptoms
- Recent travel history
- Current epidemics or pandemics in your area
- Mucus, saliva, urine, or other culture samples
Sometimes your doctor may be able to diagnose your condition based on your medical history and your symptoms.
For example, conditions like measles or chickenpox have very characteristic symptoms that can be diagnosed with a simple physical examination.
Additionally, if there’s a current epidemic of a particular disease, your doctor will factor that into their diagnosis. An example is influenza, which causes seasonal epidemics in the cold months of every year.
If your doctor wants to know what type of organism may be causing your condition, they may take a sample to culture. Samples that can be used for culture vary by the suspected condition, but they can include:
When a microorganism is cultured, it allows your doctor to identify what’s causing your condition. In the case of a bacterial infection, it can also help them determine which antibiotic may be helpful in treating your condition.
Treating Viral Infections
There’s no specific treatment for many viral infections. Treatment is typically focused on relieving symptoms, while your body works to clear the infection. This can include things like:
- drinking fluids to prevent dehydration
- getting plenty of rest
- using OTC pain medications, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil) to relieve aches, pains, and fever
- taking OTC decongestants to help with a runny or stuffy nose
- sucking on a throat lozenge to help ease a sore throat
Treating Bacterial Infections
Antibiotics are medications used to treat bacterial infections.
There are many types of antibiotics, but they all work to keep bacteria from effectively growing and dividing. They’re not effective against viral infections.
You should only take antibiotics for a bacterial infection. But antibiotics are often requested for viral infections. This is dangerous because over-prescribing antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance.
Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria adapt to be able to resist certain antibiotics. It can make many bacterial infections more difficult to treat.
If you’re prescribed antibiotics for a bacterial infection, take your entire course of antibiotics — even if you begin to feel better after a couple of days. Skipping doses can prevent killing all of the pathogenic bacteria.
Fever
Fever, characterized by a high temperature, is a frequent occurrence in children. It’s a natural reaction to numerous illnesses, with infection being the most prevalent cause. Fever is generally not dangerous; it actually aids the immune system in combating infection.
Parents may find fevers worrisome, but doctors are often more interested in the cause of the fever rather than the temperature itself. Monitoring symptoms of the illness causing the fever is more crucial than focusing on the fever.
Signs & Symptoms of Fever
A child is considered to have a fever if their temperature exceeds 38°C on a thermometer.
Additionally, they may exhibit symptoms such as
- being unwell and warm to the touch,
- showing irritability or crying,
- appearing more lethargic than usual,
- vomiting or showing reluctance to drink,
- experiencing chills, or
- being in pain.
If your baby is under three months and has a fever above 38°C, then you should take them to a doctor or emergency department as soon as possible.
Taking Your Child's Temperature
There are several methods for taking a child’s temperature, each utilizing different types of thermometers and yielding varying results. The methods include:
– Infrared forehead thermometer
– Digital, mercury, or alcohol thermometer under the arm or tongue
– Ear (tympanic) thermometer
– Forehead plastic tape thermometers (not recommended due to unreliability).
Thermometers may be more appropriate for certain age groups, so it’s important to read and follow the manufacturer’s instructions for an accurate reading. Additionally, your Maternal and Child Health Nurse, GP, or pharmacist can demonstrate how to use your thermometer correctly. It’s best to learn this before you need to use it.
Care at Home
Infections that result in fever can be attributed to various types of germs. Most fevers are viral and do not require treatment, while a minority are bacterial and can be treated with antibiotics. Antibiotics, however, are ineffective against viruses.
Lowering a child’s fever does not expedite the recovery from the illness itself.
If your child is content and appears well, treating a fever is unnecessary. However, if your child is uncomfortable, there are measures you can take to alleviate their discomfort:
– Offer your child frequent, small sips of liquid to ensure they remain hydrated, even if they refuse to eat.
– For breastfed infants under six months, provide additional breastfeeding sessions.
– For formula-fed infants under six months, continue with the usual formula feeding.
– For babies over six months, persist with breastfeeding or bottle-feeding, and consider offering water or oral rehydration solutions.
– Administer smaller volumes of fluid more frequently to your child.
– Provide paracetamol or ibuprofen if the fever or accompanying symptoms, like a sore throat, cause distress. Adhere strictly to the dosage guidelines on the package. Avoid ibuprofen for babies under three months or those who are dehydrated, and never give aspirin to children. Refer to our ‘Pain Relief for Children’ fact sheet for more information.
– To comfort your child, gently dab their forehead with a sponge or washcloth dampened with lukewarm water, ensuring they do not become overly cold.
– Dress your child appropriately to prevent them from feeling too hot or cold, adding layers if they shiver until it stops.
– Monitor your child for any signs of worsening illness.
When To See a Doctor
If your infant is under three months old and has a fever exceeding 38°C, it’s crucial to take them to a doctor or emergency department immediately.
Should your child be immunocompromised (possessing a weakened immune system) and develop a fever over 38°C, immediate medical attention from your doctor or hospital emergency department is necessary.
For all other children with a temperature higher than 38°C, consult a GP if they exhibit any of the following symptoms:
– Stiff neck or sensitivity to light
– Persistent vomiting and reluctance to drink
– Presence of a rash
– Unusual drowsiness
– Respiratory difficulties
– Pain that persists despite pain relief medication
Additionally, visit a GP if your child:
– Has maintained a fever for more than two days without an apparent cause
– Appears to be increasingly unwell
– Has experienced a febrile seizure
Hypothermia
A baby’s temperature can normally range from 36°C to 37.9°C. If it falls below 35°C, contact your pediatrician, as this could be hypothermia, which requires treatment.
Like adults, a baby’s temperature can vary slightly due to factors such as the time of day, their activity level, and the method used to take the temperature.
A child’s temperature might register as low as 35.5°C in the morning and as high as 37.7°C in the evening when using an oral thermometer, which is still within the normal range.
However, oral temperature readings for babies are not reliable because they cannot hold the thermometer under their tongue. Rectal temperature measurements are more accurate, and according to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), a baby’s rectal temperature can range from 36°C in the morning to 37.9°C in the evening.
An axillary temperature, taken under the arm, is easier but less precise than a rectal reading. It’s typically at least one degree lower than the rectal temperature.
Should a baby’s rectal temperature fall below 35°C, they are considered to have hypothermia.
Hypothermia, or low body temperature, can be serious and potentially fatal in babies, although it is rare.
Symptoms of Hypothermia
In addition to having a low body temperature, babies with hypothermia may also exhibit symptoms such as
- sluggishness,
- difficulty feeding,
- a weak cry,
- pale and cool skin, and
- respiratory difficulties.
Causes of Hypothermia
Premature birth and low birth weight are significant risk factors for hypothermia in infants. Babies born before 28 weeks of gestation are at the highest risk, as noted in a 2013 study.
Babies weighing 1.5 kilograms or less are 31 to 78 percent more likely to experience hypothermia right after birth compared to those with higher birth weights, according to the same research.
The increased risk in early-born and low-weight infants is due to their large surface-area-to-volume ratio. This means that these tiny humans, particularly if born prematurely or underweight, cannot retain as much internal heat as older children or adults can.
Other factors contributing to their vulnerability include:
– A lack of insulating body fat
– An underdeveloped nervous system
– An inefficiency in generating heat
In the hospital, premature or low-weight babies are often placed in specially designed bassinets equipped with warming lights and heated mattresses immediately after birth.
To help regulate your baby’s body temperature at home, consider the following tips:
– Swaddle your baby tightly in a single blanket.
– Put a hat on your baby when in cold environments to minimize heat loss.
– Restrict baths. Since water evaporation can cool the skin, it’s advisable to avoid bathing (except for sponge baths) until the baby’s umbilical cord detaches, typically around two weeks old.
Cold Birth Environment
Many newborns, even those born at full term, may have body temperatures that are nearly hypothermic. Being born in a cold environment can cause a baby’s body temperature to drop rapidly.
Hospitals typically have protocols to warm newborns, such as:
– Promptly drying the baby after birth to remove the cold amniotic fluid
– Placing the baby in a bassinet equipped with radiant heat
– Utilizing heated mattresses and blanket wraps
– Promoting skin-to-skin contact with a parent
– Postponing the first bath for at least 12 hours after birth, which can help the baby maintain warmth more effectively
For babies born outside of a hospital setting, it’s crucial to employ similar warming methods. Even without a heated mattress, drying the baby, engaging in skin-to-skin contact, and swaddling or wrapping them in a blanket can effectively preserve their body heat.
Infection
Certain severe infections are linked to a decrease in body temperature.
Meningitis, the inflammation of the membranes around the spinal cord, may cause a fever in infants or, alternatively, a lower-than-normal body temperature.
Sepsis, a critical bacterial infection in the blood, often results in a reduced body temperature in babies. Occasionally, it can cause a fever.
Both meningitis and sepsis are grave, life-threatening conditions. Seek immediate medical attention if you observe any combination of these symptoms in your infant:
– Pale, clammy, or blotchy skin, sometimes accompanied by a rash
– Difficulty feeding
– Rapid breathing
– A moaning cry
– Cold hands and feet
Managing Hypothermia
Low body temperature in babies is a serious condition. When a baby’s temperature falls below normal, they use more oxygen to generate warmth, which can be stressful for their small bodies. Although rare in the United States, low body temperature can sometimes be fatal.
A study conducted in Nepal in 2010 found that newborns with temperatures below 34.5°C within the first 72 hours of birth were significantly more likely to die within a week compared to those with higher temperatures.
If you think your baby has a low body temperature, measure it immediately. Rectal temperatures are usually more accurate, but if unavailable, use an axillary thermometer instead. Remember, axillary thermometers should not be used rectally, and vice versa.
To raise your baby’s temperature, you can:
– Add layers of clothing
– Use your body heat
– Swaddle them in a blanket
If these methods don’t work and the temperature stays low, contact your pediatrician immediately. They may advise you to seek emergency medical care. If the doctor is unreachable and your baby appears sick, proceed to the nearest emergency room.
Prompt treatment can prevent serious complications. Always consult your baby’s doctor if you have concerns—it’s best to be cautious.
Outcome
A rectal temperature below 35°C increases a baby’s risk of
- infections,
- respiratory issues,
- blood clotting disorders, and
- even death.
- Babies lose heat faster than adults.
Symptoms of hypothermia in infants include
- rapid or labored breathing,
- pale skin,
- lethargy, or
- disinterest in feeding.
To raise your baby’s temperature,
- add extra clothing,
- offer warm liquids, and
- seek immediate medical attention.
Extra vigilance is required for premature or low birth weight babies, as they are more prone to low body temperatures compared to full-term infants.
Febrile Seizures
Signs & Symptoms of Febrile Seizures
During a febrile seizure, your child may lose consciousness, experience stiffening or jerking of muscles, and their face may turn red or blue. These seizures can last several minutes. After the movements cease, your child will regain consciousness but may remain sleepy or irritable. Febrile seizures often occur when a child’s temperature rises quickly, and sometimes they happen before parents are aware that their child has a fever.
What to do During a Seizure
There is no action that can halt a seizure once it has started.
- The key is to remain calm and avoid panicking.
- Position your child on a soft surface, either on their side or back.
- Observe closely what transpires so you can relay the details to a physician.
- Recording the seizure on video, if feasible, can be beneficial for the doctor’s assessment.
- If possible, note the duration of the seizure.
- Refrain from holding your child down.
- Avoid placing anything in their mouth, including fingers.
- There is no risk of choking or tongue swallowing.
- Never place a child experiencing a seizure into a bath to cool them down.
When to See a Doctor
Should your child experience a febrile seizure that lasts under five minutes, schedule an appointment with your general practitioner promptly to determine the cause of the fever inducing the seizure.
If the seizure was less than five minutes long and your child was very unwell before the seizure, take them to see your GP or visit to your nearest hospital emergency department immediately. Transporting a child in your own vehicle may be acceptable, but only if accompanied by two adults – one to drive and the other to care for the child. Proceed with utmost caution while driving. Taking a few extra minutes won’t make a significant difference.
Call an ambulance immediately if:
- it is your child’s first seizure
- the seizure lasts more than five minutes
- your child does not wake up when the seizure stops
- your child looks very sick when the seizure stops.
Sometimes, children who experience prolonged seizures may require observation in a hospital. This is typically to determine the cause of the seizure and to monitor the progression of the child’s illness.
Care at Home
Typically, you can care for your child at home after they have been evaluated by a doctor for a febrile seizure.
It’s common for your child to be slightly irritable for a day or two, but this should subside.
Continue with your normal routines.
Ensure your child sleeps at their regular bedtime, in their own bed. There’s no need to worry about missing a seizure; a bed or cot is a secure place during a seizure.
Although most children experience only one febrile seizure, a few may have multiple seizures, often associated with febrile illnesses. The majority of children with febrile seizures face no long-term health issues and typically outgrow them by age six.
Should your child experience recurrent prolonged seizures, consulting a general paediatrician might be beneficial. You should discuss this option with your GP or the emergency department at the hospital.
Fever Care
A fever is a natural bodily response to infection, and it’s not always essential to lower it. While treating your child’s fever with paracetamol or ibuprofen won’t prevent febrile seizures, if the fever is causing discomfort, you can make your child more comfortable by adhering to the given advice.
